Brachial plexus injuries happen when the network of nerves controlling the arm and hand gets stretched, compressed, or torn. These injuries often occur during birth and can lead to weakness, loss of movement, or even paralysis in the affected arm. Understanding the causes can help you recognize risk factors and take preventive measures.
Difficult or prolonged labor
When labor takes too long or becomes complicated, excessive force may be used to assist delivery. This can stretch or tear the baby’s brachial plexus nerves, leading to an injury. Larger babies, breech positions, and prolonged pushing can increase the risk.
Shoulder dystocia
Shoulder dystocia happens when a baby’s shoulder gets stuck behind the mother’s pelvic bone during delivery. If too much force is applied to free the baby, the brachial plexus nerves can suffer damage. This is one of the most common causes of brachial plexus injuries at birth.
Use of delivery tools
Forceps and vacuum extractors help with difficult deliveries, but improper use can put excessive pressure on a baby’s neck and shoulders. This pressure can stretch or tear the brachial plexus nerves, causing long-term complications.
Breech birth complications
Babies born in a breech position—feet or bottom first—face a higher risk of brachial plexus injuries. In these cases, excessive pulling on the baby’s arms or head during delivery can damage the nerves, leading to weakness or movement issues.
Preventing brachial plexus injuries
Doctors can reduce the risk by monitoring fetal size, positioning, and labor progression. In some cases, a planned C-section may be recommended to avoid complications. Early treatment, including physical therapy, can help improve movement and strength if an injury occurs.